Stars and planets are spherical, but what is the shape of the universe?
Theoretical physicists think the universe could look like this.
Donuts are not only famous for their sweet and fragrant taste, but also possess a characteristic shape, or in mathematical language called toppthe box of the roundabout. Assuming that the universe as we know it has a complex shape similar to a doughnut, an astronaut could set off at a point m, go long and far to return to the right starting point.
Essentially, no one can assert that the universe does NOT have complex topological shapes (geometry and topology are two categories).buzzing separately). That’s the conclusion of a scientific report published in Physical Review Letters in April.
Topology is a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of spaces that do not change when they are conjugated c, such as stretching or bending, but not cut or re-glued.
Topology has many applications in various fields of science, including physics, chemistry, biology, and computer science. It provides a language and tools for studying complex systems and abstract geometric structures.
The cup deforms into the shape of a doughnut (torus); This deformation is one of the properties of topology.
On a conventional geometric structure such as a sphere, any two points on the surface can be reduced to For example, you can go all the way around the equator and return to the right starting point, and this distance can shrink to a single point when bringing the starting point and the final finish point to the Northernmost point.
However, a ring cake does not carry the usual geometric structure, it has a complex topological nature. A loop on the surface The ring wheel cannot be retracted by one point, because the hole in the middle of the ring wheel limits its ability to shrink.
In scientific circles, there is a popular belief that the universe has a not very special geometric structure. However, the research team published the report that no one has confirmed it.
“I find it very interesting, about the possibility that the universe can have an unusual and unusual topology, but the most interesting thing is that we can measure it got it,” said University of Michigan cosmologist Dragan Huterer, who did not contribute to the new study. notify.
A strange topological universe can be compared to… the world of classic Pac-Man games, where the protagonist can go to the edge screen to the right and to the left. Therefore, the Pac-Man world cannot be reduced to a single point.
Pac-Man moves between the two edges of the screen.
Scientists have been looking for clues that the universe is topologically complex through the study of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). is the microwave radiation that covers the entire visible universe and is what is left over from the new universe about 380,000 years old). If the universe is indeed topologically complex, the possibility of space repeating itself into a loop will leave distinct traces at many vWisdom.
In the effort to do the research, the scientists looked for the same circles in two different locations in the universe, at the same time, find spatial points with certain similarities.
So far, these search efforts have been futile. However, according to theoretical physicist Glenn Starkman and colleagues, it is still possible that the universe is in the shape of a doughnut. Because previous studies have only taken into account a small set of possible shapes of the universe.
Among the shapes that have been considered, there is a topology called the 3-torus, or 3-dimensional torus. In 1984, The 3-torus was once proposed by physicists Alexei Starobinsky and Yakov Zeldovich as one of the possible shapes of the universe. In this structure, when you leave any side, you go to the opposite side of it. However, attempts to find signs that the universe is a simple 3-torus have not yielded results.
View from inside a 3-torus. All the cubes in the figure are a cube, as the light in this space rotates and forms circles P closed.
However, researchers have not yet taken into account variations of the 3-torus, such as a 3-torus figure in which one side of it istense corresponding to the other side. In this structure, if one leaves the top, a person will move straight to its underside and will be rotated at a certain degree Ding.
In the new study, scientists propose a total of 17 possible shapes of the universe. Most of these unusual topologies have never been ruled out in previous scientific reports. The study provides indications if the universe has one of the 17 proposed shapes. Future analyses will be able to help scientists find signs of strange topological structures, thereby determining the shape of the universe.
The search for the shape of the universe will require great computing power, most likely even the technology of learning y to speed up the calculation. According to theoretical physicist Starkman, the editor of the new scientific report, we have a compelling argument for trying to find the form of topology bof the universe.
In the past, some studies of the cosmic microwave background have shown that the universe is not similar in all directions. A universe with an unusual topological shape, such as the 3-torus variant mentioned above, could explain this. In Starkman’s words, The asymmetry of the universe is “one of the latest mysteries about the universe that cannot go anywhere“.
Source: Science News
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